---
title: "State"
id: state
slug: "/state"
description: "`State` is a container for storing shared information during Agent and Tool execution. It provides a structured way to share data between tools, accumulate results across multiple tool calls, and surface them alongside the agent's final answer."
---

# State

`State` is a container for storing shared information during Agent and Tool execution.
It provides a structured way to share data between tools, accumulate results across multiple tool calls, and surface them alongside the agent's final answer.

## Overview

When building agents that use multiple tools, you often need tools to share information or accumulate results across iterations.
State provides centralized storage that all tools can read from and write to.
For example, a search tool called multiple times can append its results to a shared `documents` list, which is then returned alongside the agent's final answer for source inspection.

State uses a schema-based approach where you define:

- What data can be stored,
- The type of each piece of data,
- How values are merged when updated.

The Agent creates and manages the `State` object internally. You shouldn't need to instantiate it directly.
You interact with it through tool definitions (`inputs_from_state`, `outputs_to_state`, or a `state: State` parameter) and read results from the agent's output dict.

### Supported Types

State supports standard Python types:

- Basic types: `str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `dict`
- List types: `list`, `list[str]`, `list[int]`, `list[Document]`
- Union types: `str | int`, `str | None`
- Custom classes and data classes.

### Automatic Message Handling

State automatically includes a `messages` field that stores the full conversation history during execution.
You don't need to define this in your schema.
It uses `list[ChatMessage]` type with the `merge_lists` handler, so new messages are appended on each iteration.

### State API

| Method | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `state.get(key, default=None)` | Read a value; returns `default` if the key doesn't exist |
| `state.set(key, value)` | Write a value, merged using the schema's handler |
| `state.has(key)` | Returns `True` if the key exists in state |
| `state.data` | Returns a snapshot of all current state as a `dict` |

## Schema Definition

The schema defines what data can be stored and how values are updated. Each schema entry consists of:

- `type` (required): The Python type for this field (for example, `str`, `int`, `list`)
- `handler` (optional): A callable that determines how new values are merged when `set()` is called

```python
{
    "parameter_name": {
        "type": SomeType,  # Required: expected Python type
        "handler": some_func,  # Optional: merge function
    },
}
```

If you don't specify a handler, State automatically assigns a default based on the type.

### Default Handlers

State provides two built-in merge behaviors (importable from `haystack.components.agents.state`):

- **`merge_lists`**: Appends to the existing list (default for list types)
- **`replace_values`**: Overwrites the existing value (default for non-list types)

```python
from haystack.components.agents import State

schema = {
    "documents": {"type": list},  # uses merge_lists by default
    "user_name": {"type": str},  # uses replace_values by default
}

state = State(schema=schema)

state.set("documents", [1, 2])
state.set("documents", [3, 4])
print(state.get("documents"))  # [1, 2, 3, 4]

state.set("user_name", "Alice")
state.set("user_name", "Bob")
print(state.get("user_name"))  # "Bob"
```

### Custom Handlers

Custom handlers are useful when the default `merge_lists` or `replace_values` behaviors don't fit your needs.
A handler takes the current state value and the new value and returns the merged result.

The example below uses a deduplication handler, useful when multiple tool calls might return overlapping results and you want to avoid accumulating duplicates in state:

```python
def deduplicate(current_value: list | None, new_value: list) -> list:
    """Append new items, skipping any already in the list."""
    existing = set(current_value or [])
    return (current_value or []) + [item for item in new_value if item not in existing]


schema = {"doc_ids": {"type": list, "handler": deduplicate}}

state = State(schema=schema)
state.set("doc_ids", ["doc-1", "doc-2"])
state.set("doc_ids", ["doc-2", "doc-3"])
print(state.get("doc_ids"))  # ["doc-1", "doc-2", "doc-3"]
```

You can also override the handler for a single `set()` call:

```python
from haystack.components.agents import State


def concatenate_strings(current: str | None, new: str) -> str:
    return f"{current}-{new}" if current else new


state = State(schema={"user_name": {"type": str}})
state.set("user_name", "Alice")
state.set("user_name", "Bob", handler_override=concatenate_strings)
print(state.get("user_name"))  # "Alice-Bob"
```

## Using State

Define a `state_schema` when creating the Agent.
State keys declared in `state_schema` are exposed as output keys on the agent's result dict alongside `messages` and `last_message`.

Tools interact with State through three mechanisms:

- **`outputs_to_state`**: Write tool results to state keys after the tool runs.
- **`inputs_from_state`**: Inject state values into tool parameters before the tool runs.
- **Direct `State` injection**: Add a `state: State` parameter to your tool function's signature. The Agent detects the `State` annotation and injects the live `State` object automatically, so you can read or write any key defined in the schema. The `State` object is never exposed to the LLM's parameter schema.

### Reading from State: `inputs_from_state`

`inputs_from_state` maps state keys to function parameter names using the format `{"state_key": "param_name"}`.
The value is injected from state before the tool runs, so the LLM never needs to provide it.

Parameters mapped via `inputs_from_state` are automatically excluded from the LLM's parameter schema.
The model never sees or provides them:

```python
from typing import Annotated
from haystack.components.agents import Agent
from haystack.components.generators.chat import OpenAIChatGenerator
from haystack.components.generators.utils import print_streaming_chunk
from haystack.dataclasses import ChatMessage
from haystack.tools import tool


@tool(inputs_from_state={"user_name": "user_context"})
def search_documents(
    query: Annotated[str, "The search query"],
    user_context: str,  # injected from state; excluded from LLM schema
) -> dict:
    """Search documents using query and user context."""
    return {"results": [f"Found results for '{query}' (user: {user_context})"]}


agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[search_documents],
    system_prompt="Use the search_documents tool to find information.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={"user_name": {"type": str}},
)

result = agent.run(
    messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("Search for Python tutorials")],
    user_name="Alice",  # state key "user_name" is pre-populated by passing user_name= to agent.run()
)

print(result["last_message"].text)
```

### Writing to State: `outputs_to_state`

The `outputs_to_state` parameter maps tool output keys to state keys. Each entry supports two optional fields:

```python
{
    "state_key": {
        "source": "tool_output_key",  # which key to read from the tool's return dict; omit to store the entire dict
        "handler": some_func,  # override the schema's merge handler for this mapping only
    },
}
```

```python
from typing import Annotated
from haystack.components.agents import Agent
from haystack.components.generators.chat import OpenAIChatGenerator
from haystack.components.generators.utils import print_streaming_chunk
from haystack.dataclasses import ChatMessage
from haystack.tools import tool


@tool(
    outputs_to_state={
        "documents": {"source": "documents"},
        "result_count": {"source": "count"},
        "last_query": {"source": "query"},
    },
)
def retrieve_documents(
    query: Annotated[str, "The search query"],
) -> dict:
    """Retrieve relevant documents."""
    return {
        "documents": [
            {"title": "Doc 1", "content": "Content about Python"},
            {"title": "Doc 2", "content": "More about Python"},
        ],
        "count": 2,
        "query": query,
    }


agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[retrieve_documents],
    system_prompt="Use the retrieve_documents tool to find information.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={
        "documents": {"type": list},
        "result_count": {"type": int},
        "last_query": {"type": str},
    },
)

result = agent.run(messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("Find information about Python")])

print(f"Documents: {result['documents']}")
print(f"Result count: {result['result_count']}")
print(f"Last query: {result['last_query']}")
```

If you omit `source`, the entire tool result dict is stored under the state key:

```python
from haystack.components.agents import Agent
from haystack.components.generators.chat import OpenAIChatGenerator
from haystack.components.generators.utils import print_streaming_chunk
from haystack.dataclasses import ChatMessage
from haystack.tools import tool


@tool(outputs_to_state={"user_info": {}})
def get_user_info() -> dict:
    """Get user information."""
    return {"name": "Alice", "email": "alice@example.com", "role": "admin"}


agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[get_user_info],
    system_prompt="Use the get_user_info tool to look up user details.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={"user_info": {"type": dict}},
)

result = agent.run(messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("What are the user's details?")])

print(result["last_message"].text)
print(f"User info: {result['user_info']}")
```

### Combining Inputs and Outputs

Tools can both read from and write to State, enabling tool chaining across iterations.
This example builds on `retrieve_documents` from the previous section:

```python
@tool(
    inputs_from_state={"documents": "documents"},
    outputs_to_state={
        "final_docs": {"source": "processed_docs"},
        "final_count": {"source": "processed_count"},
    },
)
def process_documents(
    max_results: Annotated[int, "Maximum number of documents to return"],
    documents: list = None,  # injected from state; LLM does not provide this
) -> dict:
    """Process retrieved documents and return a filtered subset."""
    processed = (documents or [])[:max_results]
    return {"processed_docs": processed, "processed_count": len(processed)}


agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[retrieve_documents, process_documents],  # chained through state
    system_prompt="Use the available tools to retrieve and process documents.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={
        "documents": {"type": list},
        "result_count": {"type": int},
        "last_query": {"type": str},
        "final_docs": {"type": list},
        "final_count": {"type": int},
    },
)

result = agent.run(
    messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("Find and process 3 documents about Python")],
)
print(f"Processed {result['final_count']} documents")
```

### Injecting State Directly into Tools

As an alternative to `inputs_from_state` and `outputs_to_state`, a tool can declare a `state: State` parameter to receive the live `State` object at invocation time.
This lets the tool read from and write to any number of state keys without declaring mappings upfront.

The ToolInvoker detects the `State` annotation and injects the object automatically.
It is excluded from the LLM-facing schema. The model is never asked to supply it.
Both `State` and `State | None` annotations are supported.

For function-based tools, add the `state` parameter and use the `@tool` decorator:

```python
from typing import Annotated
from haystack.components.agents import Agent, State
from haystack.components.generators.chat import OpenAIChatGenerator
from haystack.components.generators.utils import print_streaming_chunk
from haystack.dataclasses import ChatMessage, Document
from haystack.tools import tool


@tool
def retrieve_and_store(
    query: Annotated[str, "The search query"],
    state: State,
) -> str:
    """Retrieve documents and store them directly in state."""
    documents = [Document(content=f"Result for '{query}'")]
    state.set("documents", documents)
    user_name = state.get("user_name", "unknown")
    return f"Retrieved {len(documents)} document(s) for {user_name}"


agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[retrieve_and_store],
    system_prompt="Use the retrieve_and_store tool to find documents.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={"documents": {"type": list[Document]}, "user_name": {"type": str}},
)

result = agent.run(
    messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("Find documents about Python")],
    user_name="Alice",
)

print(result["last_message"].text)
print(result["documents"])
```

For component-based tools, declare a `State` input socket on the `run` method and wrap it with `ComponentTool`:

```python
from haystack import component
from haystack.components.agents import Agent, State
from haystack.components.generators.chat import OpenAIChatGenerator
from haystack.components.generators.utils import print_streaming_chunk
from haystack.dataclasses import ChatMessage, Document
from haystack.tools import ComponentTool


@component
class DocumentRetriever:
    """Retrieve documents and store them in state."""

    @component.output_types(reply=str)
    def run(self, query: str, state: State) -> dict[str, str]:
        """
        Retrieve documents based on query and store them in state.

        :param query: The search query
        """
        documents = [Document(content=f"Result for '{query}'")]
        state.set("documents", documents)
        return {"reply": f"Retrieved {len(documents)} document(s)"}


retriever_tool = ComponentTool(
    component=DocumentRetriever(),
    name="retrieve",
    description="Retrieve documents based on a search query",
)

agent = Agent(
    chat_generator=OpenAIChatGenerator(model="gpt-5.4-nano"),
    tools=[retriever_tool],
    system_prompt="Use the retrieve tool to find documents.",
    streaming_callback=print_streaming_chunk,
    state_schema={"documents": {"type": list[Document]}},
)

result = agent.run(messages=[ChatMessage.from_user("Find documents about Python")])

print(result["last_message"].text)
print(result["documents"])
```
